(1) 混淆
mistake: implies that one fails to recognize a thing or to grasp its real nature and therefore identifies it with something not itself: ~ synthetic fur for real.

confuse: suggests that one fails to distinguish two things that have similarities or common characteristics: ~ moral and political issues.

confound: implies that one mixes things up so hopelessly as to be unable to detect their difference or distinctions and usually connotes mental bewilderment or a muddled mind: hopelessly  ~ed by the wealth of choices avialable.     （bewilder迷惑stresses a confusion of mind that hampers clear and decisive thinking迷惑，使人无法清晰思考，如the number of videotapes available bewildered customers大量的录影带另顾客迷惑，如a bewildering array of choices多得令人眼花缭乱的选择，如bewildered by city life面对城市生活感到迷茫）    （muddled糊涂的混乱的=confused，如muddled thinking糊涂混乱的思想，如I'm afraid I'm a little muddled. I'm not exactly sure where to begin恐怕我有点糊涂了，我不确定该从何处着手）

mistake误以为: 指未能认清某物，以为是另一事物，confuse混淆: 表示未能区分相似事物，confound迷惑: 表示严重混淆，使人思维糊涂混乱

记忆方法: 1) 混淆的意思是弄混事物mean to mix things up or take one thing to be another.


(2) 错放
misplace: implies a putting of something in other than its customary or usual place, but often it suggests a setting or fixing of something where it should not be: her confidence in him was  ~d.

mislay: usually implies a misplacing in the baisc sense but stresses a forgetting of the place in which the thing has been put and therefore often means to lose, usually temporarily: I have ~(mislaid) my glass.

misplace放错乱放: 指未放到通常地方，常表示放错地方，mislay放错放丢: 也表示放错，但强调忘记放哪，即弄丢

记忆方法: 1) 错放的意思是放错地方导致丢失mean to put in a wrong place so as to be as unavailable as lost.


(3) 倒退
lapse: usually presupposes attainment of a high level of something such as of morals, manners, or habits and implies an abrupt departure from this level or standard; it may reflect culpability or grave weakness OR, sometimes, mere absentmindedness: suffered a momentary ~ of manners.     (lapse除了表示倒退，还常表示小错失误suggests forgetfulness, weakness, or inattention as a cause of mistake由于好忘事人软弱不专心而犯错，如apart from a few grammatical slips, the paper is good除了几处语法错误，论文质量良好。 lapse本义是时间间隔或流逝an interval or passage of time，表示流逝时等于elapse)

relapse: presupposes definite improvement or an advance, toward, for example, health or a higher state, and implies a severe, often dangerous reversal of direction: a young person ~ing into childishness.

backslide: similar in presuppositions and implications to relapse, is restricted almost entirely to moral and religious lapses, and tends more than the other words to suggest unfaithfulness to duty or to allegiance or to principles once professed: kept a constant vigil lest he ~.

lapse倒退失误: 指之前达到较高标准水平，但有所偏离，性质可重可轻，relapse倒退: 指之前有进步，但严重倒退，backslide倒退: 特指道德宗教方面的倒退，惑背叛责任效忠原则等

记忆方法: 1) 倒退的意思是状况倒退mean to fall back from a higher or better state or condition into a lower or poorer one.


(4) 休会
adjourn: implies suspension until an appointed time OR indefinitely: ~ a meeting.    (indefinitely无限期地for a period of time with no fixed limit，如the trial was postponed indefinitely审讯无限期延迟)    （suspend暂时停止temporary stopping，如a student suspended for possession of drugs因藏毒而停学，如all business has been suspended while repairs are being made维修期间业务暂停）

prorogue: applies especially to action of British crown or its representative by which a parliament is adjourned: the king's hasty decision to ~ the parliamentary session.        parliament英国议会

dissolve: implies permanency and suggests that the body ceases to exist as presently constituted so that an election must be held in order to reconstitute it: the president's decision ~d the committee.      constitute  1、成立设立  2、组成构成  3、被认为是；constitution宪法

adjourn休会: 表示暂停或无限期终止，prorogue休会:  指英国王室将议会休会，dissolve解散: 表示机构永久解散

记忆方法: 1) 休会的意思是终止议会会议等mean to terminate the activities of (as a legislature or meeting)


(5) 退位
abdicate: implies a giving up of sovereign power: the king was forced to ~; or sometimes an evading of responsibility such as that of a parent: by walking out he ~d his rights as a father.  sovereign主权强调最高absence of a superior or dominant power即没有再高的权力，如a sovereign nation主权国家

renounce: may be chosen when the sacrifice, especially to some higher or moral end, is stressed: the king ~d his throne to obtain peace.

resign: applies especially to the giving up of an unexpired office or trust: forced to ~ from office.

abdicate退位弃权: 指放弃君主权力，或逃避责任(如家长出走)，renounce放弃: 强调是为高尚目的作牺牲，resign辞职: 指放弃任期内职务或托付

记忆方法: 1) 退位的意思是正式明确放弃mean to give up formally or definitely.